عوامل تسهیلگر و بازدارنده در فرایند پدیدآیی افکار خودکشی در سالمندان ایرانی: رویکرد نظریه زمینه‌ای

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مشاوره، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

2 استادیار دانشگاه کردستان، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، گروه مشاوره، سنندج، ایران

3 مرکز تحقیقات سالمندان ایران، گروه سالمندی. دانشگاه علوم توانبخشی و سلامت اجتماعی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: افزایش سن به‌واسطه تغییرات زیستی روانی اجتماعی مرتبط با پیری و به‌ویژه تفاسیر سالمندان از این تغییرات می‌تواند به مثابه تهدیدی برای فرد تلقی شده و سبب غلتیدن او به دامن افکار خودکشی باشد. شناسایی عوامل تسهیلگر و بازدارنده پدیدآیی افکار خودکشی بر اساس ادراک سالمندان می‌تواند تصویر روشن‌تری از تجارب سالمندان دارای افکار خودکشی فراهم کرده و بدین ترتیب در تدوین و طراحی برنامه‌های مؤثرتر پیشگیری از خودکشی کمک‌کننده باشد.
روش: بر اساس یک مطالعه کیفی نظریه زمینه‌ای، تجربیات زیسته 13 سالمند ساکن جامعه و آسایشگاه که 60 سال و بالاتر عمر داشتند از طریق مصاحبه عمیق جمع‌آوری و بازنویسی گردید و با رویکرد استرواس و کوربین 2008 مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. جهت حصول دقت در مطالعه از روش‌های مقایسه مدام، مرور مدام متن مصاحبه‌ها، یادداشت‌های در عرصه، یادآور نویسی و تأیید مطالب توسط شرکت‌کنندگان و متخصصان استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: سالمندان در طول تجربه فرایند پدیدآیی افکار خودکشی خود، با دو دسته عوامل تسهیلگر و بازدارنده روبه‌رو بودند. یافته‌ها نشانگر 3 طبقه اصلی ویژگی‌های فردی روان­رنجورخویی، سبک‌های شناختی ناسازگار، پتانسیل‌های حفاظتی بود که در قالب 15 مضمون نشان داده شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: عوامل تسهیلگر و بازدارنده بنا به ماهیت خود می‌توانند با ایجاد سهولت و ممانعت در فرایند پدیدآیی افکار خودکشی سالمندان بر چگونگی تجربه آنان مؤثر باشند. بر اساس یافته‌های مطالعه حاضر با تقویت عوامل بازدارنده از طریق تأکید بیش از پیش بر توانمندی‌های فردی، تعامل و ارتباط با اطرافیان و ظرفیت‌های معنوی سالمندان می‌توان در کاهش افکار خودکشی سالمندان و چه بسا حذف این افکار گام­های مؤثری برداشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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