بررسی چالش‌های مشاوران در هدایت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان معلول جسمی وحرکتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 وزارت آموزش وپرورش

2 استادیار گروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی. دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی. تهران . ایران

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: هدایت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان دارای کم‌توانی جسمی–حرکتی، با وجود اهمیت چشمگیر آن، همواره با چالش‌های متعددی برای مشاوران همراه بوده است. پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی عمیق به بررسی این چالش‌ها می‌پردازد. هدف اصلی این مطالعه، شناسایی و تبیین چالش‌های پیشِ روی مشاوران در فرآیند هدایت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان دارای کم‌توانی جسمی–حرکتی بوده است.
روش: پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف، بنیادی و از نظر روش، کیفی و مبتنی بر تحلیل مضمون است. افق زمانی تحقیق سال‌های ۱۴۰۲–۱۴۰۳ و افق مکانی آن شهرهای تهران، کرج، هشتگرد، قزوین، ارومیه و گلستان را دربرمی‌گیرد. جامعۀ پژوهش شامل مشاورانی بود که دارای تجربۀ کاری در هدایت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان با کم‌توانی جسمی و حرکتی بودند. نمونه‌گیری به‌صورت غیرتصادفی و هدفمند انجام شد. برای گردآوری داده‌ها از مصاحبه‌های عمیق، نیمه‌ساختاریافته و اکتشافی استفاده شد و تحلیل داده‌ها با بهره‌گیری از روش تحلیل مضمون صورت گرفت.
یافته‌ها: تحلیل داده‌های حاصل از مصاحبه‌ها به استخراج ۳۲ مضمون فرعی در قالب ۹ مضمون اصلی منجر شد. مضامین اصلی شامل ناکارآمدی آزمون‌های رغبت و توانایی، محدودیت در امکان انتخاب رشته و مسیر شغلی، نگرش‌های غیرواقع‌بینانۀ والدین، ناسازگاری‌های نگرشی و عاطفی دانش‌آموزان، ضعف دانش و مهارت‌های تخصصی مشاوران، فقدان امکانات فیزیکی و تجهیزات سازگار، نبود ظرفیت و زیرساخت‌های حمایتی در فرآیند انتخاب رشته، ضعف همکاری و هماهنگی نهادی، و نیز نابرابری‌های ساختاری و تبعیض آموزشی بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که رفع موانع و چالش‌های مرتبط با نقش مشاوران در هدایت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان دارای کم‌توانی جسمی و حرکتی، مستلزم اتخاذ اقدامات اصلاحی و هدفمند در سطوح سیستماتیک، محیطی و آموزشی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Albi, M Q‑methodology research. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance. https://search.eitaa.com/?url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-025-09740-8
AlRawi, J. M., & AlKahtani, M. A. (2021). Universal design for learning for educating students with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 68(6), 800–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2021.1900505
Amalfi, A., et al. (2023). Mental health problems among transition-aged youth with physical disabilities: Prevalence and correlates. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 4, 106946. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2023.106946
Bam, Armand; Kriger, Samantha; & Cottle, Zelda. (2023). A (mis)guidance of disabled youth: Post‑secondary schooling transition experiences in South Africa. African Journal of Disability, 12, Article 1293. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v12i0.1293
Baqoyeva Zarina Rayimovna. (2025). Psychological approach to career guidance for adolescents. Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology, 5(6), 1312‑1314. https://mjstjournal.com/index.php/mjst/article/view/4140
Bertills, K., et al. (2021). Students' self-efficacy in self-regulation and aptitude to participate: Longitudinal associations in students with disabilities. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 607329. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.607329
Boman, T. (2020). The need for support and adaptation in the workplace among persons with different types of disabilities and reduced work ability. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 22(3). https://doi.org/10.16993/sjdr.672
 Carr, S., Atkin, A. J., & Milton, K. (2025). ‘You have to make it accessible and it’s really not’: priority actions to support disabled people to be physically active. Disability and Rehabilitation, 47(12), 3144–3150. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2024.2417032
Diniz, A. M., de Oliveira, H., & Oliveira, L. (2025). Filling the gap between career choice and academic variables: Abilities and interests. International Journal of STEM Education, 12, Article 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-025-00572-
Farao, A., & Du Plessis, M. (2024). The need for structured career guidance in a resource-constrained South African school. African Journal of Career Development, 6(1), a116. https://doi.org/10.4102/
Fernández-Batanero, J. M., Montenegro-Rueda, M., Fernández-Cerero, J., & García-Martínez, I. (2022). Assistive technology for the inclusion of students with disabilities: A systematic review. Educational Technology Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-022-10127-7
Feraco, T., et al. (2025). Social, emotional, and behavioral skills in students with and without specific learning disabilities. Journal of School Psychology, 89, 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2024.05.003
García-Cebrián, P. S., et al. (2024). Trends and challenges in the mental health of university students with disabilities: A systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 18, 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-024-00674-3
Gull, M., Kaur, N., & Basha, S. E. (2025). A systematic review of challenges faced by students with disabilities in higher education. Annals of Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531251344705
Kim, Youngsik, & Lee, Hojun. (2023). Investigating the effects of career education programs on high school students’ career development competencies in Korea. Sustainability, 15(18), 13970. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813970
Kooijmans, R., van Langen, M., Voss, H., Reichrath, E., Maljaars, J., Dalemans, R., & Moonen, X. (2024). Does adapting a self-report instrument to improve its cognitive accessibility for people with intellectual disability result in a better measure? A cognitive interview study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 154, 104851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104851
Kulzer, J., Beck, K. B., Trabert, C., Meyer, E. C., Colacci, J., Pramuka, M., & McCue, M. (2023). A vocational rehabilitation partnership to provide transition services to young adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities: The cognitive skills enhancement program. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 58(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-230005
 
Lee, C. (2025). Career adaptability in special educational needs populations: A systematic review. Behavioral Sciences, 15(7), 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070927
Liao, C.-W. (2024). Key facets of effective career development for students with intellectual disabilities. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2024.2363013
Lin, D., Levy, S., & Campbell, F. K. (2025). Disability and employment in China: a Guangzhou case study. Disability & Society, 40(6), 1646–1668. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2024.2368556
Lindsay, Sally، & Cagliostro, Elaine. (2020). A web‑based intervention for youth with physical disabilities: Comparing the role of mentors in 12‑ and 4‑week formats. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 3(1), e15813. https://doi.org/10.2196/15813
Lu SE, Moyle B, Yang ECL, Reid S (2025), "Inclusion of people with disability (PWD) in the tourism workforce: a critical discourse analysis of policies and plans". Tourism Review, Vol. 80 No. 9 pp. 1597–1613, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-12-2023-0887
Luhr, M. (2025). Expanding work-based learning and transition opportunities to improve employment outcomes for young people with disabilities. Research in Career and Technical Education Journal, 1(1). https://rcej.scholasticahq.com/article/140961
Marinho, M. C. (2024). Assistive technologies and school inclusion. LEV — Revista, 15(43).
Mulhern, Franca Peluso (2025). Instructional Leadership Capacity and Development of Assistant Principles. Purdue University Graduate School. Thesis. https://doi.org/10.25394/PGS.30827480.v
Nourian, L., Shinohara, K., & Tigwell, G. W. (2022). Digital accessibility in Iran: An investigation focusing on Iran’s national policies on accessibility and disability support. In Proceedings of the ASSETS ’22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3517428.3544812
Oswal, N., Al-Kilani, M. H., Faisal, R., & Fteiha, M. (2025). A systematic review of inclusive education strategies for students of determination in higher education institutions: Current challenges and future directions. Education Sciences, 15(5), 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050518
Özsavran, M., Karakaya, C., & Bahadır, Ö. (2025). ‘I can’t take my eyes off her’ problems and difficulties experienced by mothers caring for their intellectually disabled children at home: a qualitative research. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 71(4), 610–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2024.2378243
Reardon, K., Unruh, D. K., LaRoque, S., & Shoulberg, E. (2025). Pathway to independence: Validity evidence of a transition assessment tool for students with disabilities. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 50(4), 176–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/15345084251357491
Shane-Simpson, C., Desens, E., Kleutsch, A., & Obeid, R. (2022). Relationships Among Study Guide Format, Academic Motivation, Self-Efficacy, and Student Grades. Teaching of Psychology, 52(1), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/00986283221134594
Stein, B., et al. (2024). Stress, resilience, and emotional well-being in children and adolescents with    learning disabilities: A narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 142, 107469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107469
Wang, Danqi; Li, Yanling; & Wang, Gang. (2024). A systematic review on career interventions for high school students. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1461503
Zhang, H., et al. (2023). Peer victimization and psychosocial adjustment among children with disabilities: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231169747